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Reading Passage Compare And Contrast Teaching Resources | TPT One other consequence of African underpopulation was the prevalence of the polygamy (see below). In large settlements religion and healing was in the hands of professionals, whose interests naturally lay in keeping such matters out of the reach of the general populace. Although they originated in the Indian Ocean, they played no major role in East African trade. The environment of sub-Saharan Africa is one of the hardest environments for human populations to thrive in. The development of the Egyptian civilization is traced from the beginning of the settlement at the Nile river through to the uniting of Upper and Lower Egypt under one Pharaoh. This would exacerbate the already existing social fault-lines which afflicted all such societies. Anthropologists have noted that much of the education of the young has involved attaining an incredibly detailed knowledge of soils and plants, and their properties. In agricultural communities the status of women varied greatly. Not only so, but the general health of the population was regularly weakened by famine. The limited nature of urbanization greatly restricted transport, trade and industry. With the evolving of African settlements into bigger towns and cities, the Caste system slowly began to take shape and become a distinctive social structure.
Social Structure - Ancient Africa - Kingdom of Axum - Weebly An Awilu was a free person who belonged to the affluent and wealthy upper class and enjoyed grants and benefits. OTE0MDljOTVhZWU3M2Q2ZmQ2ZGFhNWZmOTE2N2FmZWM0MGJhM2I5YzYxZjZm The most notable example is Kemet - the original name of ancient Egypt - which first developed in the Nile valley more than 5,000 years ago and was one of the first . The exchange of salt for gold or grain was the foundation of the trans-Saharan trade, which had such a major impact on West African civilization. Egyptians believed that the gods controlled the universe. Building the dense concentrations of population necessary for the emergence of major civilizations was not an option in most locations. As warriors they would cultivate a military ethos and be sent out to military outposts to guard the groups cattle and territory. This caused individuals to be very sensitive to attacks on their personal honor, real or imagined. European travelers to Africa were surprised to find, even in the interior of the continent, inoculation being practiced. At the top were the gods, such as Ra, Osiris, and Isis. In eastern and southern Africa, the folded landscape laid down by tectonic activity millions of years ago means that highland farming areas are interspersed with dry lowlands, suitable only for herding cattle. If you believe Wordfence should be allowing you access to this site, please let them know using the steps below so they can investigate why this is happening. African cultivators have generally taken great pride in their skills.
African societies and the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade They believed in both good and bad spirits. The previously hidden corridor is the latest discovery of the ScanPyramids project, a mission made up of heritage experts from . Also, iron working especially produced goods vital to farmers, hunters and warriors.
Ancient Grains Market [2023-2026] | Booming Worldwide with Significant They were now in a position to acquire wives and found their own family lines. To have children was essential to an individuals social standing, to their welfare in old age, to their survival as ancestors, and to their lineages existence as an independent group in competitive and often violent societies. Everyone on the community would take part, but the central roles were reserved for the mediums with their trance-dancing. This is due to a number of factors. For cultivators in particular, any religious beliefs were underpinned by a deeply-held idea about the world in which they found themselves. A common idea was that the founders of a particular community, on first settling the area, had made a pact with the spirits of the land in order to ensure good harvests. However, there have been many With distances between centers of population usually large, transport costs were high.
South Africa, - California Digital Library YzM1ZDJjMjdkYTczYjc3ODRiNDdmYThlOTY1N2E1MjViMmVlZDdiZjgxYWYz Its capital, Great Zimbabwe, is the largest stone structure in precolonial Southern Africa. Circumstances might have been against African societies in the effort to create advanced material cultures, but this did not stop some of them from producing some of the most highly regarded works of art known to man. African farming has relied on a thorough understanding of local environments, to an extent which has astonished Western observers. This process started to happen at different times according to region. The majority of townsmen, like villagers, were cultivators. Explain the social structure, unique aspects, and decline of Great Zimbabwe .
11 - Population and Social Structure - Cambridge Core Under Muslim influence the game of dara became popular. Art, literature and culture In due course he would probably be accepted back into his community through paying a fine to, or offering to work for, his wifes father. It was not until the coming of iron technology that large-scale settlement of the West African and Equatorial regions, and of eastern, central and southern Africa, was able to begin. Olikenyi (2001) explains that, African hospitality which he contends is a vital aspect of existence in Africa in general, is one of the few facets of ancient African culture that is still intact and strongly It began around 3400 BCE. Some groups of Iron Age farmers from West Africa, moving into the Great Lakes region at the end of the first millennium BCE and then moving down towards central and southern Africa, adopted a cattle-keeping way of life. Village clusters would be located in areas suitable for intensive crop production river valleys, floodplains, lakesides and other well-watered places. Other states were built around sacred shrines and their custodians, who enjoyed a concentration of religious authority which they were able to convert into political power. In many societies, the village chief, as the senior descendant of the founding ancestor, was deemed to have a special relationship with the spirit world. Imperialism Africa was among the last regions of the globe to be subject to imperial rule. This close concentration of dwellings formed the core of the villages. Together with freedom it is an important element of the economy, culture and social structure of a country. This The Call of the Wild by Jack London Middle School reading unit and novel study is exactly what you need to teach your . Beside having been balkanized into several countries and branched among myriads of ethnic groups each speaking its own language and having its own cultural heritage, West Africa caste system constitutes yet another layer of its social structure. These nomadic groups traveled continuously for food,. Such traders were men, and they ranged from single itinerant traders with perhaps a donkey to carry his goods, to those in charge of caravans of donkeys or, in the desert, of camels. NzA0NTc2MTNjMDFjMzQ0ODY3ODRmNjZhMzc0ZGFjNDExMDIzN2VhMGNhNGE4 The diet in most parts of Africa meant that many did not reach sexual maturity until their late teens or early twenties. Between ten and fifty people might live here, sometimes much more, in a complex of houses forming one compound. Only the driest and coolest regions escaped this disease.
HUM 2213 Midterm Paper essay. content Begins with an engaging They were much more likely to have to go and live in their husbands familys village after marriage, which put them in a comparatively powerless position. MTI3NmM1MDdjZmIyOWJjZjVhMzliNGM1MjA4NTAwNjY3YTI4YzRhMWE4NTM4 On the other hand, to maintain status and authority required a Big Man to be generous why else would other men want to be his followers? In times of famine, the people took to foraging, braving the wilderness to do so. The challenge for premodern African societies was to build up numbers to create viable communities. Egypt and Nubia were both complex civilizations ruled by a monarchy and the leader was often considered the god on Earth In Africa it has become clear that characteristics depend on economic development. Some cultures preferred more naturalistic depictions of human faces and other organic forms. Agricultural populations were driven by a need to humanize the landscape, to drive back the forest, where danger lurked, and to make the land productive. HUM 2213 Midterm Paper essay. Such states could also organize the colonization of outlying areas in a more systematic fashion, perhaps under the leadership of a prince of the royal family. Other cultural systems that were intended to create distinct classes of people and uphold a rigid hierarchy of power and control include the feudal system, slavery, Jim Crow laws, and apartheid. If the demands of royal authority became too onerous, in the form of heavy taxes, say, or the demands made for public projects or service in the royal army, people could (and did) simply up and leave. The beginning of the Atlantic slave trade in the late 1400s disrupted African societal structure as Europeans infiltrated the West African coastline, drawing people from the center of the continent to be sold into slavery. With the growing emphasis on cattle herding, infant survival must have profited from increased milk supplies, especially when cattle-keeping enabled their owners to colonize the malaria-free highlands which cover much of eastern and souther Africa. Some stateless peoples even looked to the rulers of neighboring states to provide arbitration in their disputes village communities bordering the powerful kingdom of Benin were examples of this. Establishing a new settlement was not just about clearing forest or scrub and creating fields for crops; it was about taming the land, seeking the permission of the spiritual forces which controlled a patch to settled on it, and making a contract with them to bless them with protection and fertility. The sculptural tradition spread to other Yoruba cities in the form of wood carvings, where they continued to reveal an artistry and appreciation of human worth that marks them out as truly great works. They represent the spectrum of human conditions, from kings and courtiers to the diseased and the executed. The most productive salt mines were located deep in the Sahara desert, and the miners lived isolated lives working in appalling conditions. Come drought, famine or epidemic, however, clusters would contract again. There might also be slaves who had been reduced to their lowly status through some misfortune or other famine, debt or even captivity in war. Hypothesis 2: Social structures cause inequity and injustice against the meaningful participating in economic decision-making and benefiting from opportunities in a society. However, populations of pygmies also inhabited large tracts of tropical forest which covered much of equatorial and western Africa.
Ancient African Civilizations - Ancient Civilizations World Social Structure in Ancient Egypt - World History Encyclopedia Long experience of these diseases contributed to a remarkably deep medical knowledge amongst Africa peoples.
The Political Ideology of Indigenous African Political Systems and In the West African savannah the earliest kingdoms had appeared by the mid-first millennium CE. They also had a reputation for being independent-minded. New findings from a study of 12 diverse groups in Africa shed new light on the origin of modern humans, ancient . These were the miners. In matrilineal societies, in which which descent was traced through mothers, womens status could be particularly favored. Women predominated in small-scale trade as market sellers, which gave those involved considerable economic independence. In the second millennium CE copper crosses served as a form of currency across much of southern and central Africa. Metalwork held a special place in African culture. Such was their reputation for effective healing that the early Europeans resorted to witch doctors, including Christian missionaries. In some societies the wives even retained ownership of their family property after marriage. There were, however, networks of long-distance trade criss-crossing the continent from an early date.
Africa has some giant lakes, including a number strung out down the spine of the continent, from Lake Turkana in northern Kenya to Lake Malawi in south-east Africa. More often, they might be tested by a poison ordeal and if found guilty, put to death, often with great cruelty. Like all pre-modern medicinal practitioners, they also used traditional methods less appealing to the modern Western mind, such as bleeding, purgatives, magic and exorcism. This is most marked in eastern, central and southern Africa during the second millennium CE, at the start of which population levels were at a very low level. Heredity counted for much, as in most societies, premodern and modern; passing status down from father to son was an important dynamic.
Social Structure, Economic Exclusion, and Fragility? Pertinent Theories The greater number of people such a community embraced, the better it meant greater security for all, and more labour for the back-breaking work of keeping the bush at bay and clearing more land. Mostly the colonizers centralized power in the hands of the chiefs of the native administration so that these chiefs could better accomplish the tasks given them, like the collection of taxes. This bred a society in which extra-marital sex was common and accepted, and young men adopted an attitude of machismo and insolence towards their elders. This was Islam, which gradually spread throughout the region over a number of centuries. It was not well suited to the milder, temperate climate of South Africa. Zip. Originally, there were two Egyptian kingdoms. So too did the more widespread infestation of tsetse fly, which set a limit of animal transport. All this has left African societies comparatively isolated from the great developments affecting other regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, and indeed from each other. ODI0YWEwOGYyOTY5ZGVhNjEzMWUzOTFjMGEzYTA3ZjUzZjNkM2EyNDZhODVk What are Mali traditions? Many of the market traders were local women, but above them was a class of comparatively wealthy merchants. Otherwise, large urban settlements were rare: Great Zimbabwe, Mbaza Kongo, and a handful of other towns were exceptional. First are the hunter-gatherer societies. If a kinship group fell below a viable size it ceased to be able to protect itself properly and became extremely vulnerable to being absorbed, often brutally, by more fertile rivals. The work they did tended to be less valued than the mens: mundane work in the fields and in the house, rather than the demanding work of clearing the bush, which established a mans rights to a piece of land. These factors have acted as constraints on population growth right up to modern times, and historically sub-Saharan Africa has remained an under-populated region. However, every tribe needs some sort of hierarchy.
Ghana- Social, Religious, and Political aspects - Ancient Africa- Ghana The untamed forests have remained home to hunter-gatherer peoples, notably the pygmies. NjI3NjM4ODlkZDhlYWEyNmY2NmFiMDk1NjJjYjUwZTQxNmQwMmM4M2E4Mzkz MTJmOWQxYjMzYzM3MzdkNTQ0ZDhiZWYzMWEzZThiZWJlOTZmODA5ZmM3ZDI0 So too could warfare or misrule.
Society - Ancient Africa - Kingdom of Kush - Weebly In general, work was divided equally among all people (other than slaves). States emerged in the forest regions to the south from the end of the first millennium, while in the equatorial forests and grasslands of central, east and southern Africa the state-building process did not start until the early- to mid-second millennium. In large societies with dense populations, which showed marked differences in wealth and were controlled by strong political power, human sacrifice was widely practiced. Each passage features one paragraph of informational text and 4 multiple-choice questions. Holistvo Ndej Preovsk kraj otvracia doba, kontakty. (59) $14.99. There are also some large mountain ranges, such as the Ruwenzori mountains in Uganda (the Mountains of the Moon). Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions. Other common maladies were hookworm anaemia, yaws, leprosy, smallpox and endemic syphilis (though not the more lethal venereal kind, which was only introduced into sub-Saharan Africa in the 16th century, after Europeans arrived). These colonizing pioneers would clear the forest or scrub, and divide the new fields between themselves as hereditary property. In West Africa, the slow multiplication of population concentrations laid the basis for further expansion. Having said that, no one can look at a Benin bronze figure and argue that skills of the very highest level were lacking in African craftsmanship; and fine crafts were to be found up and down the continent. The Sahara desert forms a major barrier to contacts between the cities and states of the Mediterranean region and the peoples to its south. Learn about the Bantu migrations,. The unequal access to women made for severe tensions between males of different generations the young men felt frustration, envy and anger with the older men for monopolizing the female sex. These requirements imposed a considerable constraint on the ability of Big Men to accumulate material wealth; and in many cases his status was precarious. Around this would be clustered the huts of other households, with four or five members each. Begins with an engaging introduction, including an original thesis of the essay's main point Identifies three (3) civilizations introduced in the first half of the class Compares and contrasts the values and beliefs of each civilization Provides specific evidence, including well-integrated, appropriate . ZTBhMDQ4MWZjMjIzYTBiMjFlOTFiZWYwZDcxMGI4YjMwYzhkYWEwMDgwZTFk In other traditional African societies, class structure has been based on levels of control or servitude. Most crafts supplied local markets, even when using high levels of skill. Many African societies were highly competitive in the pursuit of status and wealth. Where there is a spring, a lake or a river, however, cultivation is possible, and in some areas, for example in the inner delta of the River Niger (see below), or on the shores of Lake Chad in West Africa, or the Great Lakes of central Africa, intensive cultivation has allowed concentrations of dense population to grow up. The Awilu was the top most class in the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonia. Even in West Africa, and certainly for Africa as a whole, salt was probably the most traded commodity, being an essential part of peoples diet, especially for those in regions where meat was hard to come by.
10 Facts about Ancient Africa - Fact File Dance was the most important African cultural form, central to communal festivals, religious ceremonies and masquerades. One way in which the older generation could impose its control on the younger was through initiation. In the west the southern border of the savannah is formed by the equatorial rain forests of West Africa and the Congo Basin, but to the east it continues down into East Africa, skirting round the Congo rain forests and blending into the subtropical savannah grasslands of central and southern Africa. As suggested by the above reference to status titles, however, stateless societies were by no means always egalitarian ones. It was structured around a big man who was usually (by myth, at any rate) the man most directly descended from the founding ancestor. This crosses the content from its west coast to the east coast. The long-distance trade networks were in the hands of comparatively large and sophisticated commercial organizations. First adopted by Western scholars, the notion of caste in West Africa refers to a form of hierarchical social classification of individuals into . The abundant insect life of the tropics makes for a very high prevalence of serious diseases, for both humans and their animals; this greatly constrains the rates at which populations can grow. Younger men would set out to seduce or rape the young wives of their elders, and their elders would be determined to prevent this. A popular form of leisure was a board game called mankala. Difficulties in transport encouraged local self-sufficiency, and most trade consisted of purely local exchanges, for example at river banks where fish was bartered for vegetables, or where forest and savannah met, where the products of the two zones were exchanged. Some European captives came the other way, ending up as slaves in the West African kingdoms of Mali and Songhai.
Ancient Africa - Social Structure Underpopulation meant that disgruntled people could always seek new land beyond the reach of royal authority. In East, Central and Southern Africa, the mix of staple crops varied from place to place according to environment, but normally included yams and sorghum, later supplemented by plantain. In many regions low or fickle rainfall greatly magnifies this problem. There was a strongly felt urge to claim new land for future generations by burying their dead in it. This arrangement had the double benefit of giving the group as a whole more security and leaving the older men at home in more secure possession of their wives. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiYTQ3YTllNzM5MzNhY2U5MTg3MDQzZTY2YzI0NGNiOTQx Towns and cities Of the outlying settlements, only the more successful ones would survive. In fact, cults involving rain shrines and weather gods might command the loyalty of people over a wide area, a form of worship practiced side-by-side with that concerning the spirits of the land. Many chiefdoms and kingdoms in all parts of sub-Saharan Africa have been formed by pastoral clans dominating agricultural populations. This tradition of West African sculpture arose in a much broader context of mask-making and statuary in wood and ivory, which covered much of sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, everyone, regardless of sex or age, was required to work in the fields in times of peak activity such as harvest, and in some societies men prided themselves in their diligence as farmers. The magnificent sculptures of the West African societies of Ife and Benin, for example, depict human figures in an idealized yet deeply moving way, and possess a serene majesty unsurpassed in human art. One of the biggest threats to harmony within society was witchcraft.
Statecraft and International Relations: Contemporary Lessons from Small, isolated areas of dense population were surrounded by large tracts of sparsely peopled wilderness. Even so, until the start of the second millennium they inhabited large areas across the continent, in the wide spaces left vacant by farmers and pastoralists. Herders grew crops as a secondary activity where conditions were suitable, and cultivators also kept animals (outside the forests), fished and hunted hunters were respected, even feared, by other members of the community as they ventured into the hostile wilderness in pursuit of game.
Egypt reveals 9-metre long chamber inside Great Pyramid Module Ten, Activity Two - Exploring Africa From a wider communal viewpoint, wives and children were needed to build up a lineages numbers and so help it survive into the future. In these states, violence and exploitation led to societies ruled by classes of military aristocrats or nobles. In many of the great kingdoms of Africa, administration was carried on entirely orally. The society of ancient Egypt was strictly divided into a hierarchy with the king at the top and then his vizier, the members of his court, priests and scribes, regional governors (eventually called 'nomarchs'), the generals of the military (after the period of the New Kingdom, c. 1570- c. 1069 BCE), artists and craftspeople, government overseers