Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Oroko people - Wikipedia Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). PDF Traditional Societies and Pre-colonial Security System: Interrogating Cuban Abaku Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. PDF Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a - CORE Additional Touches and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. Photo by Eli Bentor. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. Photo by Eli Bentor. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. Finding links between Africa and the Americas History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. He views the Cuban initiation system known as Abaku, which was based on kp society, as a collective way for African descendants to maintain their historical memory. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. Among these missionaries were Rev. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. PDF Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. Also i want bomb and shell. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". According to E.U. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. According to him . In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Hope all is well. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. National Museum of African American History and Culture. [44] The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". [66] It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. Refworld | Nigeria: A cult known as Ekpe na Mboko "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. Mr. . There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Photo by Jordan Fenton. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society | Hood Museum EKPE SOCIETY: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DC EKPE LODGE - Blogger expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. Read More mask The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society - YouTube The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (3) - Nigeria This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . [81] Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. . Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. by Web Services Editor. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. The Prestigious Ekpe Masquerade of Calabar | ngEmbassy PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River Right now, Ekpe . ekpe society cameroon - impactonoticia.news Explain. Ivor L. Miller Papers - Amherst College - ArchivesSpace The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage.