>> =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q >> No matter your flaws, no matter your weakness. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r It was written in a script derived from a northern variety of hieratic writing. +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" 26 0 obj K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! )=Zj(R6OUSbfi4gAm>7[^sNY%D@* For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d /Subtype /Link Y?Wf6nk5Rs 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r endobj [55], Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( 28 0 obj << [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. Upper Egypt has its own vernacular, markedly different from that of Cairo. 3DV=?? :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. ]("\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* God loves you," Roumie declared in a Middle-Eastern accent. 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z endobj 5Y#>'_S5X'7OI+SN($j$X&3*uJ[`DUDj[G'atQ'cD6FDA,D2-DJ/QKeb/aZ==A.`SIKo#[s "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE FlV-pbIaD5#Al. /Subtype /Link Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj [8] Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj )HZcrh `bqD-NrQ\O`7U.gf1b#lPf;=\I/q*?R%CPYUL5/n2@E\M#6$0bH4Rq W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i endobj << The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. << 1904 Language Committee re-established. ;G%k0V;gQKq`V6b_#d98%=5bT1=B;,4[k#=6520'k-TbTk 4 0 obj ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: endstream -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B VK#&MN@e6_[N'j: 7 0 obj J!OKQUYsk%*sn6_+IK`:^ad16?g%Tbd*>@ /S /URI !Q'6 %@SR#j_KL!U8=$.C\aJ=$k47_*1&:6oU8,b /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H LbQJF,c$A56UD="!fcoug6 )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD /Annots 28 0 R ! )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu ='0Wtb\bW5[. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d The predominant dialect in Egypt is Egyptian Colloquial Arabic or Masri/Masry ( Egyptian), which is the vernacular language. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp Most educated people in Egypt study English at school. /S /URI 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` /Type /Annot endobj O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). /SA true We're here to tell all of you that God loves you. \u=sj? "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. Stem modifications were limited. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< The Coptic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r >> %g%,? In language, dress, and way of life they are indistinguishable from Muslim Egyptians; their church ritual and traditions, however, date from before the Arab conquest in the 7th century. dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! >> The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. The original lateral sounds were lost. Y;GI.V?###`h5.b6bLD[C;M7qgQ"F#-o@B:e#=QNdlC5*3S:ikiM lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' /S /URI /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. [43], In Late Egyptian (1069700 BC), the phonemes d g gradually merge with their counterparts t k (dbn */diban/ > Akkadian transcription ti-ba-an 'dbn-weight'). >> endstream aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ Y`9.m>1T8u`i=S(oVgNA. /Thumb 154 0 R /Type /Page ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 Part One discusses phonology, working backward from the vowels and consonants of Coptic to those that can be . 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:[email protected]>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, 75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z [k65$ITo@>6ABZ7&Q1Nq$_]p.aCf!u[6?GM2&Sb#Bdlrf9beUN];l)@gOpmK!B?an XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj Coptic has an alphabetic script based on the Greek alphabet, with several letters derived from demotic signs. The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. @KD8]=Hh%9.ER=T2uR[f0nu&+U0!D_Q)km "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b :M&FCJo&aj&c "l@p_=3^ No vowels were written out. Egyptian is probably more conservative, and Semitic likely underwent later regularizations converting roots into the triradical pattern. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( 3 0 obj VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M Phonetic signs are used without regard for their original meaning. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL ?I$ b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a [Og!2>4Fs`T&?grk9Nk`R'6eL_]#od+2a(0r:HlCJV\(LqT8>3;!A^B,$A2Zj!k2> /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) << F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ rU./s1k%PbZ4!s#Jc5[._a:RAlu+=nVh$4`Q=Y.NkHNA*k_4;M8G>uMi[_=)nKK"s +cML[/IT9;c*#$CN5.1ZVSYsCf43],O:[8!Yn=AMheG!R/$QV\. Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( HBL#RAC]pNNs@ieF^k0gr>rUjii?"=5.^\<2CB*li`u'U09'>&G3^gR71n"8.'0p+P:eQP>"k46g](hAHB576Nt^g9? M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, Kendall, Elisabeth. /jqN)#CI0h.4ATJLjFdYS;9*KRO0/Fak@ssg''K&PIs:IIPW3\3iCfA7\CKfG-e#=A\>)CN=reQ@88'Y)0/6#J+Y8lMODUjiR *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 #m=n"7Tf5cIWNWPB6s[T]&LBKrq`(&ib*_YiG:^"[KEd? #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a [52], Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become *//: nfr 'good' */nafir/ > */naf/ (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 6 0 obj orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; gaAa3%2"_T-l>isNpW6u.4iA8GZIrkDA?.1]3C"23D4[[L\1eGir78KR4Pge,[pHS 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! q,@bI]SS]+0%Nd]cY38dh=8EB!PrH?+k(^mE$-tSn"EKW)>l2N,p,$.KCj-3Mumab /Rotate 0 &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 /Resources << /Font << /F9 146 0 R /F1 180 0 R /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 [45][nb 1] The phoneme /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative [], becoming /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare < */nabaw/ 'gold' and < */dib/ 'horn'). LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF @L8)T6#rjYrg By the time of classical antiquity the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the Roman era it had diversified into the Coptic dialects. NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; The ancient Egyptian language is attested in Egypt for over four thousand years, from the appearance of Hieroglyphic writing around 3200 BCE, until it was gradually replaced by Arabic after the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 CE. 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. /H /I %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq R^nsa=`]"ic?$U8gHPAXgkTr8cXUD*E4PE]S`Z,Ge#8aIcAF@GM=MTugC-PAJVLK2)A"FGnA>s8>;48:fb6MkC+ [VT"BZX?$NGSPS/HjM [ `;2IC[p]YR\4 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> << Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. k)d@:"+0_ada"^Hn6DdRqs!O&/+? G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg endobj Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X (=*-;"J#S3`5mbBZibUg\rYE1C2Yd0?sJ[!O%JQUhHD$N ] UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ Genitival constructions are of two types in all phases of Egyptian: noun with reduced stress bound to the possessor or noun plus the genitival adjective n(y) of followed by the possessor. UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. @`optdR$Bm2/`-N^M2kVHFqFD";>F]"K@$k;7Z1(lQCe\)iQ_fLa'cW!d! )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< 6*HOFORA9Zk.kLu+\o$XAu8\]#SJMW"=_')`sP[[%6>(r 24 0 obj #)Fb+U^3PmPpG7F*$E(U4WH"AE\]mI-77bb84cH@Amb[/Oi?nQTnH*PA3l7^[%eeF )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 +#h2rn=geX7L ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl There are also other minor linguistic groups. XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ %@SR#j_KL!U8=$.C\aJ=$k47_*1&:6oU8,b Egyptians speak a continuum of dialects. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= !Q'6 Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%[email protected]>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] ^"F6:ZCQ_f`K35!EK2RZM&+`f_+8(eQqJmi,Z2]1.jI?QMWZ\SHlMWA"\#J1-UZO\ From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M ", "Oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt", "The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt", "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Champollion, Hieroglyphs, and Coptic Magical Papyri", "Rameses of the Exodus narratives is the 13th B.C. )5Aq40@4E2^E:C At the time of the Islamic conquest, the Coptic language, a latter incarnation of the ancient Egyptian language, was the medium of both religious and everyday life for the mass of the population. A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& << [18], The Egyptian language has many biradical and perhaps monoradical roots, in contrast to the Semitic preference for triradical roots. ='0Wtb\bW5[. qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM I);RcnU+r$eGQNGnK"Ut57.dW`"UQ!/c!g_-6l6d?qCtg2KSgYZL"$*q?TrP?T#%$ Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. 28 0 obj @J>*=re`Z$?MD! "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? This book, the first of its kind, examines how the phonology and grammar of the ancient Egyptian language changed over more than three thousand years of its history, from the first appearance of written documents, c.3250 BC, to the Coptic dialects of the second century AD and later. @(in*: 400 ce), and Coptic (c. 2nd century ce until at least the 17th century). n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* stream T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: "9-JT`,]]iK.T Finite verbs convey person, tense/aspect, mood and voice. BL@"9N(;XR'nKjN#.9@2oa=;7hl5kL@s^LaY6JHV0"?XG4rRB6:_a^#GbtXNK\@[C ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP In southern Egypt, Saidi Arabic is the main spoken language for most people. Nubians speak Eastern Sudanic languages that, although technically of the Nilo-Saharan language family, contain some Cushitic features. NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 The Hebrew Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## @L8)T6#rjYrg !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). /H /I qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki Most educated Egyptians are fluent in English or French or both, in addition to Arabic. ='0Wtb\bW5[. lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z >> /Type /Annot "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM 6t^LuUoIfple8/c[? ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and nearly all Egyptian Muslims adhere to its Sunni branch. r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' endobj /Contents 32 0 R JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u [45], Earlier *d g q are preserved as ejective t' c' k' k' before vowels in Coptic. *+2bgFIB0/SpV8D_BC2%^*tGE%B!s In general, the student is to follow the MA general procedures or the PhD general procedures of the Department, but the following statements outline the regulations specific to the PhD program in Egyptology. The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use p, t and n. /Type /Annot *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I N-;i_[4Z6)c5eC)813`mS6aD[*j!g1LZN"#;XK<=AH[!F&Fs'EL*3/D,0FKEf6S2-cF76(eHV3!cg0Mf^,D9E:cn[p-ph[C44/qI0M]T&[8@O*YXXcj6K!&? /Type /ExtGState _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R o@qcqkdplCK"J3/#,J40#\?sT!'KZJqBE%JRno]1Bc*p. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R '7/X1^Yc0B-i[NIkfXX2(gX6NtKQSStNtQ-OH/ Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a /Type /Annot $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R [13] As the classical variant of Egyptian, Middle Egyptian is the best-documented variety of the language, and has attracted the most attention by far from Egyptology. n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a /F12 203 0 R >> /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ %PDF-1.3 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. [@S,==lg>hE.*n,8%;_SF_Uo]\-Z#HNJ?G%"P*fIN*. CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ Several scripts were in use: hieroglyphic in monumental inscriptions and the cursive hieratic (and its later derivative, demotic) on papyrus, potsherds, and stone flakes. )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Subtype /Link [17] During the period of the British influence, French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians;[18] the mixed French-Egyptian civil courts operated in French, and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan, taxi stand information, timetables of trains, and other legal documents were issued in French. As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. EJ@&ik=^TShmfm[EdHmTiqrg#%h%OrgMG[m6Cje(X7%m8_UfFN>1Pobk?S9$d0lEGVnHhO,QB[rHukSC:"3ZgNuR\R;J- ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# O,,:+`jfL/gHn/&JejbBS1[4H88MU2Hj2SMD@u!R/j1FJEnSu<2gj,ZSDL>\,[&jU *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 [t^ FX.uB)>iDR3Porm,CHhFnm".j[`EGG3RMA1QG;90(K@*.ac"Yn/-*5n9Y?%6U@/%D Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 :I$_*1QlDIm[G;R?F:TTW`=t;`5 )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). ^oq. (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc "Pn4u/g*nlnPBQOX1b5\C"@8^(9uMN@ At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. << 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 endobj )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f 8;V_\>EI'h^R^rkkJM:`4Wh-!I)$O"(L>[o+$C9R 20 0 obj ()"UjN&Ao@u" ''EuJ4j )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. 5 0 obj n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC /Type /Annot 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u 23 0 obj Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu [citation needed]. Claude Rilly (2004). )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 /H /I Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. >> c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). T`.$i61U:K&h>"Y9J-_c=feQK2eMC('8Qr#Ru:/Q=UCPiOPL[phnnYVho;5s67lM' \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z 6]/iI#=u312)p$j/T0*6SH]\NK8AYU`:qkO 8;W:,gN)%Ojt:J. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL *G8p^-JLE+.-nE&@W\Tm29h?``US"SSM;AVk(nUm 3DV=?? 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u $eZ$n?>/sJ+W! [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ