} Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. These are huge areas. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. . The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. Of course not. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Routledge, London 2003. for this article. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. No, it's not. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. Oliver and Mathew, op. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Its a MYTH. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Genocide of the Khoisan people (country, life, speak, quality A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. 21128. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. How do you study history? 2002). The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. Millions? The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. cit. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Any proof of their numbers? It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Published online by Cambridge University Press: READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Required fields are marked *. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. Sutton, J. E. G. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. 285.Google Scholar, 16 Mathew, Gervase, The East African coast until the coming of the Portuguese, in Oliver, R. and Mathew, G., History of East Africa I (Oxford, 1963), 96.Google Scholar, 17 This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D.Google Scholar, 18 Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P., The East African Coast (1962), 15, etc.Google Scholar, 19 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Enter your library card number to sign in. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. View all Google Scholar citations No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. It never happened. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. "useRatesEcommerce": false The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Will Bantu Supremacy in South Africa Spark Another "Rwandan Genocide This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. I'd imagine it's the same way. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. . PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People | African Race During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated.
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