Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Categories . [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Examples include journal articles, reviews . The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. He can hardly have been in any doubt.
Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus.
The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art.
La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Primary Source Terms:. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. . Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist.
Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students Collections Online | British Museum Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their .
Sallust - Spartacus Educational Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens.
Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. He was, however, defeated. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience.
Making of America - University of Michigan These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares.
What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war.
Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. . He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. They had, however, fallen on hard times. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Historical documents : how to read them. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Primary Sources Sallust. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. By. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. What Is a Primary Source? The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Editor: Paul Halsall. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies".